怒江裂腹鱼鳃的显微和超微结构

通过光镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜技术,研究了怒江裂腹鱼(Schizothorax nukiangensis)鳃的组织结构和超微结构。结果表明,怒江裂腹鱼鳃基本结构与其他硬骨鱼相似,均由鳃耙、鳃弓、鳃丝以及鳃小片构成,且各部分具有不同的组织结构和细胞类型。扁平上皮细胞覆盖于整个鳃表面,其表面的纹路主要有3种类型,在鳃上不同的部位具有不同的结构和功能。线粒体密集细胞主要分布于鳃小片基部,仅有一种细胞类型,顶端膜内凹呈浅滩型,细胞内具有大量圆形的线粒体。怒江裂腹鱼鳃内扁平上皮细胞和线粒体密集细胞的形态结构与其在急流中游泳和摄食活动等生活习性相适应。本研究结果丰富了怒江裂腹鱼的基础生物学资料,并为阐明鱼类鳃的结构特征与其生活习性之间的关系提供参考。     

变温条件下钙对山定子根系线粒体功能的影响

【目的】探讨山定子根系线粒体功能对变温胁迫的响应机制及钙在此过程中的调节效应,为深入研究山定子根系适应温度逆境的生理机制奠定基础。【方法】以山定子幼苗为试材,进行变温处理（5℃→20℃→0℃）和CaCl₂浇灌处理,测定根系线粒体膜通透性（MPT）、膜电位（?ψm）、超氧阴离子（ ）产生速率、线粒体细胞色素途径（CP）和交替途径（AP）、钙调素（CaM）含量、钙调磷酸酶（CaN）含量等指标的变化。【结果】大幅度变温导致山定子根系MPT不断增大,?ψm明显下降, 产生速率持续升高,引起根系MDA含量不断增加。CaCl₂处理使根系MPT处于较稳定的水平;明显提高降温阶段?ψm的水平;逐渐降低降温阶段的 产生速率,使根系MDA含量始终稳定在较低水平。变温过程中根系CP活性和贡献率先下降后升高,AP活性则持续升高。CaCl₂处理显著提高了20℃时CP和AP的活性,且AP活性和贡献率的变化趋势与CP互补。变温过程中根系CaM含量逐渐升高,CaN含量先下降后升高;而CaCl₂处理后CaM含量先降低后升高,CaN含量则持续降低。【结论】大幅度变温抑制了山定子根系线粒体的功能,导致电子漏增加,膜脂过氧化程度加剧。外源钙通过稳定MPT,调节CP和AP活性等方式,有效降低了膜脂过氧化程度。在升温阶段,钙处理通过下调CaM和上调CaN来缓解温度胁迫;在降温阶段,钙处理则通过大幅度上调CaM和下调CaN来缓解温度胁迫。     

Tackling the Cytotoxic Effect of a Marine Polycyclic Quinone-Type Metabolite: Halenaquinone Induces Molt 4 Cells Apoptosis via Oxidative Stress Combined with the Inhibition of HDAC and Topoisomerase Activities

A marine polycyclic quinone-type metabolite, halenaquinone (HQ), was found to inhibit the proliferation of Molt 4, K562, MDA-MB-231 and DLD-1 cancer cell lines, with IC₅₀ of 0.48, 0.18, 8.0 and 6.76 μg/mL, respectively. It exhibited the most potent activity against leukemia Molt 4 cells. Accumulating evidence showed that HQ may act as a potent protein kinase inhibitor in cancer therapy. To fully understand the mechanism of HQ, we further explored the precise molecular targets in leukemia Molt 4 cells. We found that the use of HQ increased apoptosis by 26.23%–70.27% and caused disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by 17.15%–53.25% in a dose-dependent manner, as demonstrated by Annexin-V/PI and JC-1 staining assays, respectively. Moreover, our findings indicated that the pretreatment of Molt 4 cells with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, diminished MMP disruption and apoptosis induced by HQ, suggesting that ROS overproduction plays a crucial rule in the cytotoxic activity of HQ. The results of a cell-free system assay indicated that HQ could act as an HDAC and topoisomerase catalytic inhibitor through the inhibition of pan-HDAC and topoisomerase IIα expression, respectively. On the protein level, the expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins p-Akt, NFκB, HDAC and Bcl-2, as well as hexokinase II was inhibited by the use of HQ. On the other hand, the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, PARP cleavage, caspase activation and cytochrome c release were increased after HQ treatment. Taken together, our results suggested that the antileukemic effect of HQ is ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis combined with the inhibitory effect on HDAC and topoisomerase activities.     

Astaxanthin Attenuates Early Acute Kidney Injury Following Severe Burns in Rats by Ameliorating Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial-Related Apoptosis

Early acute kidney injury (AKI) is a devastating complication in critical burn patients, and it is associated with severe morbidity and mortality. The mechanism of AKI is multifactorial. Astaxanthin (ATX) is a natural compound that is widely distributed in marine organisms; it is a strong antioxidant and exhibits other biological effects that have been well studied in various traumatic injuries and diseases. Hence, we attempted to explore the potential protection of ATX against early post burn AKI and its possible mechanisms of action. The classic severe burn rat model was utilized for the histological and biochemical assessments of the therapeutic value and mechanisms of action of ATX. Upon ATX treatment, renal tubular injury and the levels of serum creatinine and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin were improved. Furthermore, relief of oxidative stress and tubular apoptosis in rat kidneys post burn was also observed. Additionally, ATX administration increased Akt and Bad phosphorylation and further down-regulated the expression of other downstream pro-apoptotic proteins (cytochrome c and caspase-3/9); these effects were reversed by the PI3K inhibitor {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002. Moreover, the protective effect of ATX presents a dose-dependent enhancement. The data above suggested that ATX protects against early AKI following severe burns in rats, which was attributed to its ability to ameliorate oxidative stress and inhibit apoptosis by modulating the mitochondrial-apoptotic pathway, regarded as the Akt/Bad/Caspases signalling cascade.     

金银花总黄酮对离体蟾蜍心脏收缩功能的影响研究

为了研究金银花总黄酮提取液对心脏收缩功能的影响,本试验采用离体蛙心灌流技术,通过BL-420F生物机能实验系统,观察记录不同浓度金银花总黄酮提取液对离体蟾蜍心脏活动的影响。试验结果表明：用高浓度（2mg.mL-1）金银花总黄酮提取液灌流时,导致心脏猝停,用低浓度(2×10-1~2×10-6mg.mL-1)的金银花总黄酮提取液灌流离体心脏时,其心率和心肌张力都是下降的。t检验表明,对心率的影响差异显著 (P<0.05);对心肌张力的影响达到极显著水平（P<0.01)。本实验研究结果表明,金银花总黄酮提取液在一定范围内对离体蟾蜍心脏功能的影响表现为抑制作用,且对其心肌张力的影响更为明显。     

RESEARCH PAPER: Incidence of elevation of cardiac troponin I prior to and following routine general anaesthesia in dogs

ObjectiveTo estimate the incidence of raised cTnI after general anaesthesia in dogs and to explore major risk factors influencing this.Study designProspective clinical study.AnimalsA total of 107 (ASA physical status 1?2) dogs, 63% male and 37% female, median age 5 years (range 0.3–13.4), median weight 24.4 kg (range 4.2–66.5 kg) undergoing anaesthesia for clinical purposes.MethodsVenous blood samples were taken within 24 hours prior to induction and 24 hours after the termination of anaesthesia. Serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I were measured using a chemiluminescent enzyme immunometric assay with a lower level of detection of 0.20 ng mL^?1 (below this level <0.20 ng mL^?1). Continuous data were assessed graphically for normality and paired and unpaired data compared with the Wilcoxon signed ranks and Mann–Whitney U‐tests respectively. Categorical data were compared with the Chi squared or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate (p < 0.05).ResultsOf the 107 dogs recruited, 100 had pre‐ and post‐anaesthetic cTnI measured. The median pre‐anaesthesia cTnI was ‘<0.20’ ng mL^?1 (range ‘<0.20’–0.43 ng mL^?1) and the median increase from pre‐anaesthesia level was 0.00 ng mL^?1 (range ?0.12 to 0.61 ng mL^?1). Fourteen dogs had increased cTnI after anaesthesia relative to pre‐anaesthesia (14%, 95% CI 7.2–20.8%, range of increase 0.03–0.61 ng mL^?1). Six animals had cTnI levels that decreased (range 0.02–0.12 ng mL^?1). Older dogs were more likely to have increased cTnI prior to anaesthesia (OR = 5.32, 95% CI 1.35–21.0, p = 0.007) and dogs 8 years and over were 3.6 times as likely to have an increased cTnI after anaesthesia (95% CI 1.1–12.4, p = 0.028).Conclusion and clinical relevanceIncreased cTnI after anaesthesia relative to pre‐anaesthesia levels was observed in a number of apparently healthy dogs undergoing routine anaesthesia.     

盐胁迫下海马齿叶肉细胞超微结构观察

通过透射电镜,在超显微结构水平上对淡水和海水栽培的海马齿(Sesuvium portulacastrumL.)植物叶肉细胞结构进行了比较。结果显示:海水栽培的海马齿叶肉细胞质膜明显向内折叠,出现大量大小、形状各异的质膜突起,以及质膜片层;而淡水栽培的海马齿叶肉细胞质膜向内折叠不明显,质膜突起少见。相对于淡水栽培,海水栽培的海马齿植物叶肉细胞叶绿体变小、数量增多;形状变短,由肾形、梭形或弓形变成椭圆形或一端膨大的不规则形状;叶绿体基粒片层结构清晰完整,垛叠程度增加,叶绿体没有受到明显伤害;叶绿体中淀粉粒数量增多,体积变大,淀粉粒表面出现皱褶,形状由长椭圆型变成短椭圆形或不规则形状,电子密度变低;叶绿体上脂质体增多且体积变大。线粒体数量增加,但体积变小;形状由圆球状或棒状变成椭圆体状;线粒体内膜向内折叠所形成的嵴清晰,但海水栽培的海马齿叶肉细胞线粒体外膜模糊,受到轻微伤害。     

ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者早期血钾水平的检测及其临床意义

目的了解ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者早期低钾血症的发生情况及其临床意义。方法对123例ST段抬高型AMI患者于入院时抽血测定血钾、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI),根据血钾水平分为低血钾组(血钾<3.5 mmol/L)和正常血钾组(血钾3.5~5.5 mmol/L),同时观察住院期间室性心动过速、心室颤动和猝死等严重不良事件的发生情况。结果低钾血症的总发生率为30.1%,下壁 后壁AMI的发生率较低(7.4%),明显低于前间壁和广泛前壁心肌梗死(P<0.01);发病至抽血时间≤3 h的低钾血症发生率为53.1%,明显高于发病时间>3 h者(P<0.01);低血钾组的CK和cTnI峰值明显高于正常血钾组(P<0.05或0.01);低血钾组总的严重不良事件发生率(32.9%)明显高于正常血钾组(10.8%)(P<0.01)。结论低钾血症与AMI患者的梗死时间、部位和面积有关,并严重影响患者的预后。     

不同温度对甜菜种子吸胀过程中线粒体CCO和MDH活性的影响

吸胀温度显著地影响甜菜种子的萌发速率。吸胀温度为３０℃和２０℃时,５０％萌发所需要的时间分别为３６ｈ和５６ｈ;在７℃中吸胀１２０ｈ,仍未见萌发。在种子吸胀过程中,粗线粒体蛋白的含量,细胞色素Ｃ氧化酶和苹果酸脱氢酶的活性增加,且它们在３０℃和２０℃中的活性较高,在７℃下较低。